International Legal Regulation and the Legitimacy of Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles during Armed Conflicts: Between Military and Humanitarian Use

Abstract

In the light of ongoing debate surrounding the use of drones (unmanned aerial vehicles), which are employed in both warfare and in humanitarian relief and rescue operations uses, this study seeks to examine the humanitarian legitimacy of using drones and the legal challenges associated with their use in relief efforts during armed conflicts. The study adopted the descriptive method, which is used to provide an accurate and comprehensive description of drone use in both humanitarian and military contexts, highlighting the accompanying legal and humanitarian challenges. It focuses on clarifying key legal principles such as distinction, proportionality, and the frameworks for civilian protection. The analytical method was also employed to analyze the provisions of international humanitarian law, additional protocols, relevant conventions of the international labour Organization, and judicial decisions related to the use of drones. Furthermore, it was used to assess the effectiveness of legal mechanisms for accountability in cases of potential violations. The study reached several conclusions, most notably which applying the principles of distinction and proportionality in drone strikes require a high degree of precision in intelligence gathering and target identification. Operators bear the responsibility to distinguish between combatants and civilians and to ensure that incidental harm remains proportionate to the anticipated military advantage. Thus, operational accuracy and field verification are crucial factors in determining the legitimacy of using this technology. The study has recommended strengthening compliance with the principles of distinction and proportionality in all drone operations by developing rigorous verification mechanisms that ensure attacks are directed solely at legitimate military targets and that minimize collateral damage to civilians and humanitarian facilities.